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Abstract This study examines the role of human dynamics within Geospatial Artificial Intelligence (GeoAI), highlighting its potential to reshape the geospatial research field. GeoAI, emerging from the confluence of geospatial technologies and artificial intelligence, is revolutionizing our comprehension of human-environmental interactions. This revolution is powered by large-scale models trained on extensive geospatial datasets, employing deep learning to analyze complex geospatial phenomena. Our findings highlight the synergy between human intelligence and AI. Particularly, the humans-as-sensors approach enhances the accuracy of geospatial data analysis by leveraging human-centric AI, while the evolving GeoAI landscape underscores the significance of human–robot interaction and the customization of GeoAI services to meet individual needs. The concept of mixed-experts GeoAI, integrating human expertise with AI, plays a crucial role in conducting sophisticated data analyses, ensuring that human insights remain at the forefront of this field. This paper also tackles ethical issues such as privacy and bias, which are pivotal for the ethical application of GeoAI. By exploring these human-centric considerations, we discuss how the collaborations between humans and AI transform the future of work at the human-technology frontier and redefine the role of AI in geospatial contexts. 

Abstract Rapid urbanization, climate change, and aging infrastructure pose significant challenges to achieving sustainability and resilience goals in urban building energy use. Although retrofitting offers a viable solution to mitigate building energy use, there has been limited analysis of its effects under various weather conditions associated with climate change in urban building energy use simulations. Moreover, certain parameters in energy simulations necessitate extensive auditing or survey work, which is often impractical. This research proposes a framework that integrates various datasets, including building footprints, Lidar data, property appraisals, and street view images, to conduct neighborhood-scale building energy use analysis using the Urban Modeling Interface (UMI), an Urban Building Energy Model (UBEM), in a coastal neighborhood in Galveston, Texas. Seven retrofit plans and three weather conditions are considered in the scenarios of building energy use. The results show that decreasing the U-value of building envelopes helps reduce energy use, while increasing the U-value leads to higher energy consumption in the Galveston neighborhood. This finding provides direction for coastal Texas cities, like Galveston, to update building standards and implement retrofit measures.